Plecturocebus caquetensis, is a primate belonging to the family Pitheciidae that is located in Caquetá and Cauca regions of Colombia. It presents a high risk of threat and has been little studied, so to contribute to the knowledge of this species, several studies of its anatomy have been carried out, from which studies such as this one, focused on functional morphometry, derive. For this reason, the vertebrae of three juvenile female specimens from the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and the Museo de Historia Natural of the Universidad de la Amazonia were studied, obtaining different morphometric variables analyzed through the use of the Infostat® software, for a total of 156 structures evaluated, corresponding to 20 cervical, 52 thoracic, 21 lumbar, and 63 caudal vertebrae. The study generates information on the relationship between morphometric characteristics and the ability to adapt to certain habitats or incompatibility that may exist with the anatomical characteristics of the specimens.
Defler TR, Bueno ML, García J. Callicebus caquetensis: A new and critically endangered titi monkey from southern Caquetá, Colombia. Primate Conservation. 2010;25(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.025.0101
Schwitzer C, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Chiozza F, Williamson EA, Macfie EJ, et al. Primates in Peril [Internet]. 2016. Available from: www.primate-sg.org
Defler et al. Plecturocebus caquetensis, Caquetá Tití Monkey Amendment version View on www.iucnredlist.org THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIESTM. 2021; Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T14699281A192453101.en
García J, Defler TR, Bueno ML. The Conservation Status of Callicebus caquetensis (Pitheciidae): A New Species in Southern Caquetá Department, Colombia . Neotropical Primates. 2010 Dec;17(2):37–46. https://doi.org/10.1896/044.017.0201
Suárez Ramírez L, Mantilla Meluk H, García Villalba JE. Densidad poblacional y organización social del primate endémico y críticamente amenazado <i>Plecturocebus caquetensis</i> (Pitheciidae) en el Piedemonte Andino-Amazónico del Cauca, Colombia. Caldasia. 2021 Aug;43(2):298–309. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v43n2.84837
Villota J, Delgado-Bermeo G, Ruiz A, García-Villalba JE, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Distribution update and natural history of Plecturocebus caquetensis (Mammalia: Pitheciidae) in Colombia. Biota Colomb. 2022 Jan 1;23(1). https://doi.org/10.21068/2539200X.1007
Acero A, Almario LJ, García J, Defler TR, López R. Diet of the Caquetá Titi (Plecturocebus caquetensis) in a Disturbed Forest Fragment in Caquetá, Colombia. Vol. 2018, Primate Conservation. 2018.
Antonia M, Rodríguez M, César J, Rodríguez B. SISTEMÁTICA Y GENERALIDADES DEL TITÍ, TONGO, MACACO O MICO BONITO DEL CAQUETÁ Plecturocebus caquetensis [Internet]. Available from: https://bit.ly/2S6LY0b
Defler T, García J, Almario L, Acero A, Bueno M, Bloor P, et al. Defler et al 2016. Universidad nacional de Colombia . 2016;Primera edición:1–48.
Youlatos D. Platyrrhine Locomotion. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1826-1
Lieberman D. The evolution of the human head. London: Harvard University Press; 2011. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674059443
Arlegi M, Gómez-Olivencia A, Albessard L, Martínez I, Balzeau A, Arsuaga JL, et al. The role of allometry and posture in the evolution of the hominin subaxial cervical spine. J Hum Evol. 2017 Mar 1;104:80–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.01.002
Lawler RR, Ford SM, Wright PC, Easley SP. The locomotor behavior of Callicebus brunneus and Callicebus torquatus. Folia Primatologica. 2006 Apr;77(3):228–39. https://doi.org/10.1159/000091232
Shapiro LJ, Russo GA. Vertebral Morphology in Homioids II: The lumbar Spine. In: Been E, Gomez-Olivencia A, Kramer P, editors. Spinal Evolution: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution. Madrid, Spain: Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2019. p. 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2_4
Mansfield PJ, Neumann DA. Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Third Edit. Canada: Elsevier; 2019. 416 p.
De Troyer A, Boriek AM. Mechanics of the respiratory muscles. Compr Physiol. 2011 Jul;1(3):1273–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100009
Arlegí M, Veschambre C, Gómez A. Evolutionary selection and morphological integration in the vertebral column of modern humans. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2020 Jan;171(1):17–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23950
Shapiro LJ, Simons CVM. Functional aspects of strepsirrhine lumbar vertebral bodies and spinous processes. J Hum Evol. 2002;42(6):753–83. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2002.0560
Galbusera F, Bassani T. The Spine: A Strong, Stable, and Flexible Structure with Biomimetics Potential. Biomimetics. 2019 Aug 30;4(3):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4030060
Russo GA. Comparative sacral morphology and the reconstructed tail lengths of five extinct primates: Proconsul heseloni, Epipliopithecus vindobonensis, Archaeolemur edwardsi, Megaladapis grandidieri, and Palaeopropithecus kelyus. J Hum Evol. 2016 Jan;90:135–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.007
Grider N, Nalley TK, Thompson NE, Goto R, Nakano Y. Influences of passive intervertebral range of motion on cervical vertebral form. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2020 Jun 18;172(2):300–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24044
Olivares R, Rojas M. Esqueleto Axial y Apendicular de Vertebrado Axial and Appendicular Skeleton of Vertebrates. Vol. 31, Int. J. Morphol. 2013. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022013000200003
Dunn JC, Azkarate C. New World monkeys. 2015.
Garcia Javier, Defler Thomas. Callicebuscaquetensiscronologadesudescripcinyestadoactual.2011. Momentos de ciencia . 2011;8(1):78–81.
UICN. REDLIST-UICN. 2023. Caquetá Tití Monkey.
Sepkoski D. The emergence of Paleobiology. In: Sepkoski D, Ruse M, editors. The Paleobiological revolution Essays on the Growth of Modern Paleontology. First Edit. Chicago: The Universiti of Chicago Press; 2009. p. 15–42. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226748597.003.0002
Arlegí M, Gómez A, Gómez A. Morphological integration in the gorilla, chimpanzee, and human neck. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018 Jun 15;166(2):408–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23441
Nalley, Grider N. Functional analyses of the primate upper cervical vertebral column. J Hum Evol. 2017 Jun;107:19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.010
Russo GA. Postsacral Vertebral Morphology in Relation to Tail Length Among Primates and Other Mammals. Anat Rec. 2015 Feb;298(2):354–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23004
Sendemir E, Bakirci S, Kafa İM. Morphometric analysis of C2 vertebra [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287926615
Organ JM. Structure and Function of Platyrrhine Caudal Vertebrae. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 2010 Apr;293(4):730–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21129
Palancar CA, Torres-Tamayo N, García-Martínez D, García-Tabernero A, Rosas A, Bastir M. Comparative anatomy and 3D geometric morphometrics of the El Sidrón atlases (C1). J Hum Evol [Internet]. 2020;149:102897. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102897
Deane AS, Russo GA, Muchlinski MN, Organ JM. Caudal vertebral body articular surface morphology correlates with functional tail use in anthropoid primates. J Morphol. 2014 Nov 1;275(11):1300–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20304
Lemelin P. Comparative and functional myology of the prehensile tail in new world monkeys. J Morphol. 1995;224(3):351–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240308
Organ JM, Lemelin P. Tail architecture and function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia. Anatomical Record. 2011 Dec;294(12):2013–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21504
Nalley TK, Grider-Potter N. Functional analyses of the primate upper cervical vertebral column. J Hum Evol. 2017;107:19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.010
Grider-Potter N, Nalley TK, Thompson NE, Goto R, Nakano Y. Influences of passive intervertebral range of motion on cervical vertebral form. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2020;172(2):300–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24044
Nalley TK, Grider-Potter N. Functional morphology of the primate head and neck. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015 Apr 1;156(4):531–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22729
Boszczyk BM, Boszczyk AA, Putz R. Comparative and functional anatomy of the mammalian lumbar spine. Anat Rec. 2001 Oct 1;264(2):157–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1156
Turnquist JE, Minugh-Purvis N. Functional Morphology. In: Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research. Elsevier; 2012. p. 87–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381365-7.00004-2
Been E, Gòmez-Olivencia A, Kramer PA. Spinal Evolution Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine in Hominoid Evolution-EllaaBeenn· AsierrGómez-Olivenciaa. First edit. Madird, Spain: Springer; 2019. 407 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19349-2
Williams SA, Russo GA. Evolution of the hominoid vertebral column: The long and the short of it. Evol Anthropol. 2015 Jan 1;24(1):15–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21437
German RZ. The functional morphology of caudal vertebrae in new world monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1982;58(4):453–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330580414
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.